Curia family groups began. A family-leader assembly {Curial Assembly} formed, in which curias had one vote. Curial Assembly witnessed wills and adoptions and formally gave imperium to officials but was not important in Roman Republic.
A plebian citizen assembly {plebs} voted on private laws.
Priests {pontifice} used rituals for proceedings and kept forms and rites secret. Priests conducted trials, and involved people consulted priests.
Roman territory had districts {tribe, Rome}. Property-owning citizens were in one tribe. Citizens who did not own property were not in tribe. Later, tribe membership became hereditary.
Magistrates {proconsul} {propraetorin} ruled provinces.
Senate had 300 members elected for life, approved legislation passed by popular assemblies, and called emergencies. It controlled finances, religion, building, foreign affairs, law between cities, and law of aliens. It advised magistrates on bills that they presented for judgment. It extended magistrate terms. It appointed proconsuls to rule provinces.
Twelve Tables included criminal, contract, tort, family, wills, succession, property, and sacred law. It had legal-action and court-procedure rules {procedural law}. It had laws {substantive law} about rights and justice. It included enforcement procedures, public punishments, and harsh liability penalties.
It prohibited private revenge, allowed immediate seizure by wronged person of claimed object or person, and fixed tariffs for injuries.
It distinguished willful from accidental homicide.
It limited interest rates, gave debtors harsh penalties, defined debtor's liabilities, and gave grace period to debtors.
It prohibited excessive funerals and excessive bequests.
Laws allowed connubium between patrician and plebian.
Soldiers organized into 100-men centuries. The soldier assembly met only when called by tribune. Centuries cast one vote. Centurial Assembly selected magistrates, judged murder and treason cases, and declared war, in response to Senate proposals. After overthrow of kings, Centurial Assembly gained power as Curial Assembly lost power. Over time, plebians gained entrance into Centurial Assembly.
Laws required at least one consul to be plebian.
Tribal assembly formed but met only when called by tribune.
Tribal Assembly began to elect lower ranking officials. Landless people and new citizens were in the four original urban tribes.
He published the oral court-action forms, which priests {pontifex} had kept secret before, but which were already public knowledge.
The senatorial class began to offer free legal advice, supplanting priests. They gave evaluated case merits before cases went to praetors, suggested which formal oral proceeding to use, and served on praetor advisory councils.
Laws passed by the plebian Assembly became binding on all citizens.
Senate lost right to veto laws passed by Assembly.
Laws defined claims of masters against harmers of their slaves or animals.
Roman lawyers taught their apprentices law.
Senate elected a praetor to judge citizens and a second praetor to judge cases involving aliens.
35 tribes had one old and one young century, in five classes, making 350 centuries. Centurial assembly elected consuls, praetors, and censors and voted on bills proposed by consuls. It met when consuls summoned it.
He lived -234 to -149 and was Tribune [-214] and Censor [-185]. His son was Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus, who wrote De iuris disciplina.
He collected Roman traditional laws {leges regiae}.
Tribal Assembly became more powerful than Centurial Assembly. Controlled by patricians, it met only when called by tribune. It established laws {maiestas} and rejected bills presented by officials.
He was Curule Aedile [-200], Consul [-198], and Censor [-194].
Civil-law code began.
Civil law developed.
He was Proconsul [-155 to -154] and Consul [-148] and invented Roman sales contracts.
Laws allowed standard forms of presenting cases to trial judges for all cases, gradually ending legis actiones. Legal cases used written statements, containing facts, legal questions, and basis on which judge should decide.
He was Praetor [-142].
He lived ? to -113 and was Tribune [-141] and Consul [-133].
He lived ? to -88, was Publius Mucius Scaevola's son, systematized Roman law, and taught Cicero. He was tribune [-106], aedile [-104], and consul [-95], when, with Licinius Crassus, Lex Licinia Mucia denied Roman citizenship to some people in Italy, later causing Social War. He was governor of Asia, publishing edict for provincial administration. He was pontifex maximus.
Senate elected praetors to govern newly conquered provinces.
Twenty quaestors assisted consuls.
Tribe leaders increased to ten.
Praetors had to use standard format for edict {praetorian edict, praetor}.
He lived ? to -43 and used dialectical method in law. He was Praetor [-65] and Consul [-51].
He was Rufus' student.
He tried to prosecute Quintus Ligarius [-46] for co-operation with Juba.
He was Consul Suffectus [-39] and Rufus' student. He confiscated land for veterans, and he aided Virgil [-41].
He advised Augustus about informal codicil.
He lived -50 to 22 and provided the ideas of Proculian School of Roman law.
Lex Aebutia became mandatory, ending formal oral proceedings.
War rules developed.
Rome codified formal war declarations.
Laws governed conquered states and later all states.
He lived ? to 22, was consul [5], and provided the ideas of Sabinian or Cassian School.
He lived -63 to 14. Julian laws were new family laws.
He lived -12 to 66, was Labeo's student, and founded Proculian School, which gave Roman-law interpretations for next 200 years.
He was Capito's student and founded Sabinian or Cassian School, which gave Roman-law interpretations for next 200 years.
He was Capito's student.
Piso wanted to assassinate Nero [65].
He lived ? to 117, was of later Proculian School, and was Consul Suffectus [97].
Emperor gave right to give legal opinions to persons and then decreed opinions to be law.
He was of later Proculian School, was Middle Platonist, was praetor [106 or 107] and consul [129].
He lived 43 to ?, was Consul Suffectus [97], and taught Emperor Julian about Roman law.
He compiled laws and wrote history of Roman law.
He was Sabinian School leader. Hadrian appointed him to codify Roman law. He prepared Hadrian's edict (Perpetual Edict), settling the praetorian law, including law of equity.
Roman law schools of Albeo and Capito ended with Emperor Hadrian's death.
He taught his student Papinian about Roman law.
He lived 138 to 180 and studied Roman law. He was not Lucius Ulpius Marcellus.
He lived ? to 212, was Scaevola's student, and looked for the principle and moral rule in law. He became Master of Petitions (Magister Libellorum) [193 to 211], whom commoners petitioned to be equites or to gain other duties. He later became General of the Guard (Praefectus Praetorii), assistant to emperor Severus.
He wrote commentary on Perpetual Edict and analyzed Roman law logically.
He lived ? to 228, was prefect [222], and wrote a Perpetual-Edict commentary and a Roman-law summary.
Roman law scholars had to be officials.
He formed official law school to study classical authors' Roman-law opinions.
Official law school formed in Rome to study classical authors' Roman-law opinions.
Cardinal Angelo Mai discovered them in Vatican [1821].
He wrote about Roman law.
He was magister libellorum under Diocletian [285 to 290].
It associates with slightly earlier Codex Gregorianus.
School included Patricius, Demosthenes, Eudoxius, Amblichus, and Leontius.
Visigoths used it.
Ulpian lived 160 to 228.
It tried to show where they agreed.
School formed to study classical authors' Roman-law opinions.
He lived ? to 545 and headed commission of 17 professors of the two official Eastern law schools to edit the many Roman-law commentaries. He was Justinian's quaestor sacri palatii. After five years, with nine others under appointment from Justinian, he codified law [529 to 534], based on Roman law.
They copied, translated, or commented on Code of Justinian, but emperor banned them from pointing out Roman-law contradictions.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225